The Guardian :
Kakvu ulogu treba da preuzme civilno društvo u pred i post konfliktnoj gradnji mira? Razmišljanja iskazana na The Guardian – Globalni razvoj profesionalne mreže panelu.
29.09.2015.
The Guardian :
What role should civil society play in pre- and post-conflict peacebuilding? Views expressed during The Guardian - Global development professionals network panel
29.09.2015.
Prekinuti mit da se gradnja mira treba desiti tek poslije konflikta: Konflikt se ne razvija u fazama. Gradnja mira ima i preventivnu ulogu – i korisna je u društvima koja nisu iskusila strašno nasilje ali im i dalje treba pomirenje.
Francesco Mancini, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore,@ManciniFr
Krenuti s pristupom odozdo prema gore ka gradnji mira: Iako se mirovni sporazumi potpisuju na najvišem nivou, uspjeh svakog mirovnog procesa zavisi od toga kako se on implementira na terenu. Treba staviti fokus na jačanje platformi kako da sa linija podjele narod dođe do jedinstva. Mora postojati i otvoren dijalog između lokalnih, subnacionalnih i nacionalnih tijela za gradnju mora. Primjer za ovo mogla bi biti uspostava lokalnih mirovnih komiteta koje su pokušale mnoge zemlje, uključujući Nepal.
Rajendra Mulmi, Nepal Search for Common Ground, Kathmandu, Nepal, @rmulmi
Mogu li žene učiniti svijet mirnijim? Istraživanje pokazuje da uključivanje žena u gradnju mira povećava vjerovatnoću od 24% da će se nasilje okončati.
Laurel Stone
Ukazati na ozbiljne prijetnje civilnom društvu: Naš Izvještaj o stanju civilnog društva iz 2015. naglasio je da organizacije civilnog društva koje traže promjenu (CSO) imaju više problema u primanju fondova. Godine 2014, šest od sedam ljudi živjelo je u zemljama u kojima su njihove građanske slobode pod prijetnjom. Kako možemo natjerati vlade da ukinu restrikcije za prekogranično finansiranje?
Mandeep Singh Tiwana, head of policy and research,Civicus, Johannesburg, South Africa @mandeep_tiwana1
Bust the myth that peacebuilding should only happen post-conflict: Conflict doesn’t evolve in phases. Peacebuilding has a preventive role as well and it is also useful in societies that did not experience full-blown violence but still need reconciliation.
Francesco Mancini, Adj Associate Professor, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore,@ManciniFr
Take a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding: Although peace agreements are signed at the top level, the success of any peace process depends on how it is implemented on the ground. The focus must be on strengthening platforms for people from across the dividing lines to come together. There must also be open dialogue between local, subnational and national peacebuilding bodies. An example of this could be the establishment of local peace committees that many countries have tried, including Nepal.
Rajendra Mulmi, country director, Nepal Search for Common Ground, Kathmandu, Nepal, @rmulmi
Can women make the world more peaceful? Research shows that involving women in peacebuilding increases the probability that violence will end by 24%,
writes Laurel Stone
Address serious threats to civic space: Our State of Civil Society Report 2015 highlighted that change-seeking civil society organisations (CSOs) find it harder to receive funding. In 2014, six out of seven people lived in countries where their civic freedoms were under threat. How can we get governments to lift restrictions on cross border funding?
Mandeep Singh Tiwana, head of policy and research, Civicus, Johannesburg, South Africa @mandeep_tiwana1
Pokazati kako civilno društvo može promovirati stabilnost: Pokazati političkim liderima praktičan način na koji aktivno civilno društvo može pomoći promociji socijalne povezanosti ili vođenju projekata sigurnosti zajednice. Graditi koalicije sa prijateljskim političarima, medijima i poslovnim liderima da bi se otvorio dijalog između različitih grupa.
Thomas Wheeler, Saferworld, London, UK @TJAWheeler
Skupiti sve u jednu sobu da govore: Na Kipru, većina ljudi ne osjeća da lideri slušaju šta ih brine. Jedan od pristupa koji smo pokušali jeste da se stvori međusektorski dijalog u koji je uključeno što više različitih glasova - poslovni ljudi, političari, NVO i sindikati. Ovo je jedan od načina na koji se političke elite mogu uvući u inkluzivnije debate, gdje mogu čuti i odgovoriti na različita mišljenja.
Christopher Louise, UNDP, Nicosia, Cyprus @chrisjlouise
Pogurati lokalno pravo na gradnju mira: Imamo snažan dokaz da inkluzija civilnog društva u gradnju mira poboljšava kvalitet mira dugoročno, a ipak njihovo učešće u međunarodnim i nacionalnim programima ostaje adhoc. Ali vlade mogu ojačati njihove napore za gradnju mira saznavanjem i odmjeravanjem uticaja ovog lokalnog istraživanja. Prikupili smo studije o tome kako grupe u zajednici međusobno djeluju sa nacionalnim akterima na projektima lokalnih ideja gradnje mira, ali potrebno je više istraživanja o tome kako inkorporiranje lokalnih ideja i prioriteta zajednice vodi do uspjeha.
Andrea Ó Súilleabháin, International Peace Institute (IPI), New York, USA @Andrea_O_S, @ipinst
Spriječiti ratove oko vode: kako graditi mostove preko rasprava o rijekama. Dramatične redukcije nivoa vode mogu dovesti do sukoba. Da li će pravna i diplomatska politika pomoći zemljama da sarađuju?
Ilmas Futehally
Koristiti civilno društvo da bi se ocijenio i pratio napredak: Kakvu ulogu može civilno društvo igrati u praćenju novih podržanih ciljeva razvoja, što uključuje cilj o mirnim društvima? Oni mogu naglasiti gdje treba usmjeriti napor, i lidere natjerati da podnesu račune za svoja obećanja. Vidjeli smo da civilno društvo već razvija istinski inovativne pristupe djelujući kao promatrači, na primjer korištenjem društvenih mreža i tehnologije da bi došli do saznanja o incidentima nasilja.
Thomas Wheeler
Demonstrate how civil society can promote stability: Show political leaders the practical ways in which an active civil society can help promote social cohesion or run community security projects. Build coalitions with friendly politicians, media and business leaders to open up dialogue between different groups.
Thomas Wheeler, conflict and security advisor, Saferworld, London, UK @TJAWheeler
Get everyone in one room to talk: In Cyprus, most people on the island do not feel that the leaders are listening to their concerns. One approach we have tried is to create cross-sectoral dialogues which include as many diverse voices as possible – business, politicians, NGOs and trade unions. This is one way which political elites can be drawn into more inclusive debates, where they can hear and respond to diverse opinions.
Christopher Louise, programme manager, UNDP, Nicosia, Cyprus @chrisjlouise
Push for local ownership of peacebuilding: We have strong evidence that civil society inclusion in peacebuilding improves the quality of peace in the long term, yet their participation in international or nationally-led programmes still remains adhoc. But governments can strengthen their own peacebuilding efforts by collecting and measuring the impact of this local knowledge. We’ve collected case studies on how community groups interact with national actors on peacebuilding projects but more research is needed to show how incorporating local ideas and community priorities leads to success.
Andrea Ó Súilleabháin, senior policy analyst, International Peace Institute (IPI), New York, USA
@Andrea_O_S, @ipinst
Preventing water wars: how to build bridges over river disputes. Dramatic reductions in water levels could lead to conflict. Will legal and diplomatic policies help countries to cooperate?
asks Ilmas Futehally
Use civil society to measure and monitor progress: What role can civil society play in monitoring the new sustainable development goals, which includes a goal on peaceful societies? They can highlight where effort needs to be focused, and hold leaders to account for their promises. We’ve seen civil society already develop really innovative approaches to acting as monitors, for example through using social media and tech to crowdsource incidents of violence.
Thomas Wheeler
Ne pretpostavljati legitimnu reprezentaciju: Međunarodni akteri se često fokusiraju na grupe elita u glavnim gradovima, što koči dublji uvid u projekte implementirane u zajednicama bez konsultiranja o prioritetima i nacrtu programa.
Andrea Ó Súilleabháin.
Shvatiti da civilno društvo ima različito značenje na različitim mjestima: Na primjer, u Egiptu je čak i termin ‘civilno društvo’ toksičan. Ali je došlo do uključenja mnogih dijelova društva u nacrt ustava. U drugim zemljama, civilno društvo preuzima ulogu političke opozicije koja izaziva otpor kod vlasti. Ponekad, više akademski ili thinktank pristup može pomoći da se ideje prenesu vladinim zvaničnicima.
Francesco Mancini
Poštivati neutralnost: Civilno društvo se često nalazi uhvaćeno između različitih strana u sukobu i mora se više učiniti da bi se utvrdila i primijenila norma da sve strane u konfliktu ispoštuju političku neutralnost i nezavisnost civilnog društva, i podrže njihovo pravo da obavljaju bazičnu humanitarnu podršku i izvijeste o kršenju ljudskih prava, tamo gdje na njih naiđu.
Mandeep Singh Tiwana
Iskoristiti tehonologiju da bi se ljudi povezali: Tehnologija je pokretač gradnje mira. Ona spaja grupe i formira saveze koje je ranije bilo teško sklopiti bez platforme. Tehnologija dopušta idejama da se odbijaju jedna od druge za što ranije nije bilo prostora.
Raseema Alam, Toronto, Canada, @raseemaalam
But do not presume legitimate representation: International actors often focus on elite groups in national capitals, which inhibits deeper buy-in for projects implemented in communities without consultation on priorities and programme design.
Andrea Ó Súilleabháin
Understand civil society means different things in different places: For example, in Egypt even the terminology “civil society” is toxic. But, there was involvement in the drafting of the constitution from many parts of the society. In other countries, civil society takes the role of political opposition which creates resistance in governments. Sometimes, a more academic or thinktank approach can help to pass ideas to government officials.
Francesco Mancini
Respect neutrality: Civil society often finds itself caught between different parties in conflict, and more must be done to assert and adhere to a norm that all sides in a conflict should respect civil society’s political neutrality and independence, and uphold their right to deliver essential humanitarian services and report on human rights violations, where they encounter them.
Mandeep Singh Tiwana
Leverage technology to connect people: Technology is a gamechanger for peacebuilding. It’s bringing groups together and forming alliances which would have been difficult to forge previously without the platform. Technology is allowing ideas to bounce off each other which would have had no space previously.
Raseema Alam, founder, connected development advisers, Toronto, Canada, @raseemaalam
Vanjski akteri mogu biti od koristi u krhkim zemljama: Iako je veoma važno angažiranje lokalnih aktera da bi se pokrenulo lokalno znanje, vanjski akteri su jednako važni u krhkim zemljama. Konflikt često polarizira zajednice i vanjski akter bi mogao uvesti element neutralnosti u jednačinu. Mogu takođe obezbijediti finansijsku i tehničku podršku lokalnim akterima u pokretanju lokalnog znanja.
Hussein Kasim, Sahan and Somalia Stability Fund, Nairobi, Kenya
Od vojnika do graditelja mira: mogu li taksisti u Liberiji pomoći da se zaustavi ebola? Kako se virus širi, taksisti su kooptirani da ublaže frustracije javnosti zbog slabe vlade.
Nat Walker, Stacey Connaughton i Kai Kuang
Angažirati muškarce: Procesi gradnje mira treba da ukažu više pažnje promoviranju pozitivnog angažmana muškaraca i dječaka. Ovo će pomoći u smanjenju i sprječavanju nasilja i takođe promovirati ulogu i učešće žena u gradnji mira.
Rajendra Mulmi
Potaknuti redovan dijalog među različitim igračima: Na Kosovu, Mreža kosovskih žena redovno informira komandanta NATO-a na Kosovu o razvoju sigurnosti i problemima. Ti nam modeli pomažu da budemo svjesniji i transparentniji. Mogu takođe označiti put da ukažu kako civilno društvo nije prijetnja nego dobitak.
Marriët Schuurman, Nato, Brussels, Belgium, @MarrietS
External actors can have value in fragile states: While engaging local actors is very important to harness local knowledge, external actors are equally important in fragile states. Often conflict polarises communities and an external actor might introduce some element of neutrality into the equation. They can also provide financial and technical support to local actors in harnessing local knowledge.
Hussein Kasim, chief policy analyst, Sahan and Somalia Stability Fund, Nairobi, Kenya
From soldiers to peacebuilders: can Liberia’s taxi drivers help stop Ebola? As the virus spreads, motorbike taxi drivers have been co-opted to appease public frustrations over weak governance,
write Nat Walker, Stacey Connaughton and Kai Kuang
Engage men: Peacebuilding processes should pay more attention to promoting positive masculinities and better engagement of men and boys. This will eventually help in reducing and preventing violence and also promote the role and participation of women in peacebuilding.
Rajendra Mulmi
Encourage regular dialogue between differnet players: In Kosovo, the Kosovar Womens’ Network regularly brief Nato’s Kosovo commander on security developments and concerns. These models help us to be more aware, and more transparent. They may also lead the way to demonstrate that civil society is not a threat but an asset.
Marriët Schuurman, special representative on women, peace and security, Nato, Brussels, Belgium, @MarrietS
Prekinuti ciklus nasilja: tehologija može donijeti nadu za mir. Helena Puig Larrauri govori o tome kako projekti razvoja mogu koristiti tehnologiju da bi promovirali mir u Izraelu, Palestini i drugim mjestima zahvaćenim konfliktom.
Ali tražiti i odgovornost od civilnog društva: Pošto se nedržavni akteri direktno angažiraju sa međunarodnim donatorima, oni često rade kao zamjena za vladu umjesto kao partner u kompleksnom procesu postkonfliktnog razvoja. Ovo predstavlja problem posebno zato što se vlade smatraju odgovornim za vođenje zdrave politike i implementiranje programa razvoja koristeći fondove obezbijeđene na odgovoran način. Kako na isti način da tražimo odgovornost i od organizacija civilnog društva?
Mustafa Awad
Razmišljati dugoročno: Iz našeg rada na Fidžiju naučili smo od Pokreta za prava žena Fidžija snagu upornosti i važnost spajanja žena iz različitih sredina oko zajedničke agende za promjenu. Poslije vojnog udara 2006, one su odigrale važnu ulogu u pomoći Fidžiju da iz vojnog režima pređe u mirovni. Prvi izbori na Fidžiju poslije puča, u 2014, dali su najveću proporciju žena izabranih u parlament u istoriji Fidžija.
Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources, London, @CRbuildpeace
Ne gubiti nadu: Avganistanke su pokazale da angažman civilnog društva može napraviti veliku razliku. Posljednjih mjeseci, vidjeli smo značajan porast ženskog učešća na mnogim javnim pozicijama. Visoko učešće žena na posljednjim izborima jasno je predstavilo ovo novo političko opredjeljenje za prava i učešće žena. I visoka izlaznost žena bila je moguća zahvaljujući stalnom zalaganju civilnih društava i osiguranju sigurnog okruženja da žene izađu i glasaju.
Marriët Schuurman
Breaking the cycle of violence: technology can bring hope for peace. Helena Puig Larrauri on the development projects can use technology to promote peace in Israel, Palestine and other places caught in conflict.
But do hold civil society groups accountable: Because non-state actors directly engage with international donors, they often work as a substitute for the government rather than as a partner in the complex process of post-conflict development. This is a problem especially as governments are held accountable for executing sound policies and for implementing development programme using the funds provided in an accountable manner. How can we keep CSOs equally accountable?
Mustafa Awad
Think longterm: From our work in Fiji we learned from the Fiji Women’s Rights Movement the power of perseverance and the importance of bringing together women from diverse backgrounds around a common agenda for change. After a military coup in 2006, they played a vital role in assisting Fiji in progressing from a military regime to a peace one. Fiji’s first elections since the coup in 2014 saw the highest proportion of women elected to parliament in Fiji’s history.
Andy Carl, executive director, Conciliation Resources, London, @CRbuildpeace
Don’t lose hope: Afghan women have demonstrated that civil society engagement can make a difference. In the last months, we’ve seen a deliberate increase of female participation in many public positions. The high turnout of women in the last election has clearly fostered this new political commitment for women’s rights and participation. And the high turnout of women, has been possible thanks to the constant advocacy of civil societies and ensuring a safe environment for women to come out and vote.
Marriët Schuurman
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