Promocija ekonomskih
mogućnosti i prosperiteta

Tokom najvećeg dijela istorije većini pojedinaca nedostajala je ekonomska sloboda i mogućnosti, osuđujući ih na siromaštvo i oskudicu. Danas živimo u najnaprednijem vremenu u ljudskoj istoriji. Siromaštvo, bolesti i neznanje opadaju u cijelom svijetu, uveliko zahvaljujući napredovanju ekonomske slobode. I u 2015. principi ekonomske slobode koji su doprinijeli ovom monumentalnom napretku ponovo se mjere u Indexu of Economic Freedom, godišnjem vodiču koji objavljuju The Wall Street Journal i The Heritage Foundation, think tank Br.1 u Washingtonu.

Šta je ekonomska sloboda?

Ekonomska sloboda je temeljno pravo svakog čovjeka da sam/sama kontroliše njegov/njen rad i prosperitet. U ekonomski slobodnom društvu, pojedinci su slobodni da rade, proizvode, troše i ulažu onako kako žele. U ekonomski slobodnim društvima vlasti dozvoljavaju slobodno kretanje rada, kapitala i roba, i uzdržavaju se od ograničavanja slobode da bi se zaštitila i sačuvala sama sloboda.

Koje su dobrobiti od ekonomske slobode?

Ekonomska sloboda nudi veći prosperitet. The Index od Economic Freedom dokumentuje pozitivan odnos između ekonomske slobode i raznih pozitivnih društvenih i ekonomskih ciljeva. Ideali ekonomske slobode su čvrsto povezani sa zdravijim društvima, čišćom okolinom, većim prihodom po glavi stanovnika, ljudskim razvojem, demokratijom i uklanjanjem siromaštva.

Promoting Economic
Opportunity & Prosperity

For much of human history, most individuals have lacked economic freedom and opportunity, condemning them to poverty and deprivation. Today, we live in the most prosperous time in human history. Poverty, sicknesses, and ignorance are receding throughout the world, due in large part to the advance of economic freedom. In 2015, the principles of economic freedom that have fueled this monumental progress are once again measured in the Index of Economic Freedom, an annual guide published by The Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation, Washington's No. 1 think tank.

What is economic freedom?

Economic freedom is the fundamental right of every human to control his or her own labor and property. In an economically free society, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way they please. In economically free societies, governments allow labor, capital, and goods to move freely, and refrain from coercion or constraint of liberty beyond the extent necessary to protect and maintain liberty itself.

What are the benefits of economic freedom?

Economic freedom brings greater prosperity. The Index of Economic Freedom documents the positive relationship between economic freedom and a variety of positive social and economic goals. The ideals of economic freedom are strongly associated with healthier societies, cleaner environments, greater per capita wealth, human development, democracy, and poverty elimination.

Rangiranje 178 zemalja

Na osnovu prosječnog rezultata, svaka od 178 zemalja ocijenjena u Indexu 2015 je svrstana kao “slobodna” (to jest, kombinovani rezultati od 80 ili više); “uglavnom slobodna” (70-79,9); “umjereno slobodna” (60-69,9); “uglavnom neslobodna” (50-59,9) ili “represivna” (ispod 50).

Ranking 178 countries

Based on an average score, each of 178 countries graded in the 2015 Index is classified as “free” (i.e., combined scores of 80 or higher); “mostly free” (70-79.9); “moderately free” (60-69.9); “mostly unfree” (50-59.9); or “repressed” (under 50).

Kako mjerite ekonomsku slobodu?

Ekonomsku slobodu mjerimo na osnovu 10 kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih faktora, grupisanih u četiri šire kategorije, ili stuba, ekonomske slobode:
1. Vladavina prava (vlasnička prava, sloboda od korupcije);
2. Ograničena vlada (fiskalna sloboda, troškovi vlade);
3. Regulatorna efikasnost (poslovna sloboda, sloboda rada, monetarna sloboda); i
4. Otvorena tržišta (slobodna trgovina, sloboda ulaganja, finansijska sloboda)

Svaka od deset ekonomskih sloboda unutar ovih kategorija ocjenjuje se na skali od 0 do 100. Sveukupan rezultat jedne zemlje dobija se izračunavanjem prosjeka tih deset ekonomskih sloboda, dajući istu težinu svakoj.

Index of Economic Freedom je koristan instrument za raznovrstan broj korisnika, uključujući akademsku zajednicu, kreatore politike, novinare, studente, nastavnike i one u području biznisa i finansija. Index je savršeno objektivno sredstvo za duboku analizu političkog I ekonomskog razvoja zemlje. Deset ekonomskih sloboda i prateći istorijski podaci takođe nude opsežan niz principa i činjenica za one koji žele da razumiju temelje ekonomskog rasta i prosperiteta.

How do you measure economic freedom?

We measure economic freedom based on 10 quantitative and qualitative factors, grouped into four broad categories, or pillars, of economic freedom:
1. Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption);
2. Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending);
3. Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labor freedom, monetary freedom); and
4. Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom).

Each of the ten economic freedoms within these categories is graded on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall score is derived by averaging these ten economic freedoms, with equal weight being given to each.

The Index of Economic Freedom is a helpful tool for a variety of audiences, including academics, policymakers, journalists, students, teachers, and those in business and finance. The Index is an excellent objective tool for in-depth analysis of a country’s political and economic developments. The 10 economic freedoms and accompanying historical data also provide a comprehensive set of principles and facts for those who wish to understand the fundamentals of economic growth and prosperity.

BiH ANALIZA

Rezultat ekonomske slobode u Bosni i Hercegovini iznosi 59,0, što njenu ekonomiju stavlja na 97. mjesto u Indexu 2015. Ukupan rezultat povećan je za 0,6 bodova, sa poboljšanjem u slobodi od korupcije, monetarnoj slobodi i slobodi rada, što je djelimično izjednačeno padom u slobodi ulaganja i poslovnoj slobodi. Bosna i Hercegovina je 38. od 43 zemlje u Evropi, a rezultat je ispod globalnog i regionalnog prosjeka.

U proteklih pet godina ekonomska sloboda u Bosni i Hercegovini je napredovala za 1,5 bodova, bilježeći svoj najveći rezultat u Indexu 2015. Reforme su donijele poboljšanje u polovini od 10 faktora, uključujući troškove vlade i slobodu rada, monetarnu slobodu i slobodnu trgovinu, sa značajnim poboljšanjem od 12 bodova u slobodi od korupcije.

Međutim, uprkos deceniji udruženih napora da se poboljša ekonomska slika kroz šire, postepeno institucionalno poboljšanje, ekonomija Bosne i Hercegovine ostaje u kategorji “uglavnom neslobodna” i potrebne su dublje strukturalne i institucionalne reforme. Da bi zemlja otišla na viši nivo ekonomske slobode i prosperiteta, od vitalnog je značaja potpuno iskorijeniti korupciju, garantovati nezavisnost sudstva i dosljedno jačati vlasnička prava.

BiH ANALYSIS

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economic freedom score is 59.0, making its economy the 97th freest in the 2015 Index. Its overall score has increased by 0.6 point, with improvements in freedom from corruption, monetary freedom, and labor freedom partially offset by declines in investment freedom and business freedom. Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked 38th out of 43 countries in the Europe region, and its score is below the global and regional averages.

Over the past five years, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economic freedom has advanced by 1.5 points, registering its highest score ever in the 2015 Index. Reforms have led to improvements in half of the 10 factors, including government spending and labor, monetary, and trade freedoms, with an especially notable 12-point gain in freedom from corruption.

Despite a decade of concerted effort to improve economic prospects through broad, gradual institutional improvements, however, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economy remains in the “mostly unfree” category, and deeper structural and institutional reforms are needed. In particular, fully eradicating corruption, guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary, and consistently enforcing property rights are vital to propelling the country to higher levels of economic freedom and prosperity.

BRZI PREGLED BiH ČINJENICA

QUICK BiH FACTS

BiH: MAPIRANJE INDEKSA

BiH: MAPPING THE INDEX

POZADINA

Dejtonski sporazum 1995 završio je trogodišnji rat u bivšoj Jugoslaviji i finalizirao nezavisnost Bosne i Hercegovine. Pod labavom centralnom vladom postoje dva odvojena entiteta: Republika Srpska (Srbi) i Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine (Bošnjaci/Hrvati). Evropska unija potpisala je sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju 2008. Bosna je takođe dobila Akcioni plan za članstvo u NATO-u 2010. BiH jedna je od četiri zvanična kandidata za članstvo u NATO-u. Bosna je jedna od najsiromašnijih u Evropi. Bilo je privatizacije ali poljoprivredi i industriji je potrebna modernizacija. Korupcija je uveliko prisutna a slaba centralna vlada otežava implementaciju ekonomskih reformi. Nasilna pobuna i protesti u februaru 2014. djelimično su bili rezultat velike nezaposlenosti mladih.

BACKGROUND

The 1995 Dayton Agreement ended three years of war in the former Yugoslavia and finalized Bosnia and Herzegovina’s independence. Two separate entities exist under a loose central government: the Republika Srpska (Serbian) and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim/Croat). The European Union signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2008. Bosnia also received a NATO Membership Action Plan in 2010 and is one of four official candidates for NATO membership. The country is one of Europe’s poorest. There has been some privatization, but agriculture and industry require modernization. Corruption is widespread, and a weak central government makes implementation of economic reforms difficult. Violent unrest and protests in February 2014 were fueled in part by rampant youth unemployment.

VLADAVINA PRAVA

Javna nabavka je osnovni izvor korupcije i pronevjere u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prema procjeni iz 2014, oko 60 posto institucija ignorišu zakon o nabavkama, a 25 posto ugovora se izvode kroz javne tendere. Složeni sistem sam sebe dovodi u ćorsokak i sprječava reforme. Izvori upisa nekretnina su uglavnom nepouzdani, ostavljajući transfere otvorenim za raspravu.

RULE OF LAW

Public procurement is a principal source of corruption and fraud in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to a 2014 estimate, around 60 percent of institutions ignore the procurement law, and about 25 percent of contracts are processed through public tenders. The complex system of government lends itself to deadlock and prevents reform. Property registries are largely unreliable, leaving transfers open to dispute.

OGRANIČENA VLADA

Porezna politika u Bosni i Hercegovini varira zavisno od entitetske vlasti. Najveća pojedinačna i korporativna porezna stopa na dohodak je 10 posto. U druge poreze spadaju porez na dodatnu vrijednost i porez na imovinu. Ukupan porezni teret dostigao je 38,8 posto BDP-a u protekloj godini. Javni troškovi penju se do 49,2 posto domaće proizvodnje a javni dug je skoro 43 posto domaće ekonomije.

LIMITED GOVERNMENT

Tax policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina vary depending on the governing entity. The top individual and corporate income tax rates are 10 percent. Other taxes include a value-added tax and a property tax. The overall tax burden reached 38.8 percent of GDP in the most recent year. Public expenditures amount to 49.2 percent of domestic output, and public debt is equal to 43 percent of the domestic economy.

PODACI U GRAFOVIMA

DATA IN GRAPHS

REGULATORNA EFIKASNOST

Za pokretanje kompanije i dalje je potrebno više od mjesec dana a i traženje dozvola je takođe veliko opterećenje. Složena administrativna struktura za radne regulacije potakla je dvostruko tržište rada. Stopa nezaposlenosti, posebno među mladima, je jedna od najviših u regionu. Subvencije za energiju penju se do blizu 10 posto BDP-a. Vlada takođe subvencionira poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i kontroliše neke cijene.

REGULATORY EFICIENCY

Starting a company still takes more than a month, and licensing requirements remain burdensome. Labor regulations’ complex administrative structure has inspired a dual labor market. The unemployment rate, particularly among the young, is one of the highest in the region. Energy-related subsidies amount to nearly 10 percent of GDP. The government also subsidizes agricultural production and controls some prices.

OTVORENA TRŽIŠTA

U Bosni i Hercegovini je relativno niska prosječna tarifna stopa od 1,4. Netarifne barijere su smanjene a carinske procedure poboljšane. Strani ulagači suočavaju se sa birokratskim preprekama. Oko 80 posto bankovnog kapitala je u privatnom vlasništvu a oko 90 posto banaka su u stranom vlasništvu. Teškoće u realizaciji ugovora i nesigurno regulatorno okruženje ograničavaju dostupnost kredita za start-up biznise.

OPEN MARKETS

Bosnia and Herzegovina’s 1.4 percent average tariff is relatively low. Non-tariff barriers have been reduced, and customs procedures have improved. Foreign investors face bureaucratic hurdles. About 80 percent of banking capital is privately owned, and around 90 percent of banks are foreign-owned. Difficulties in contract enforcement and an insecure regulatory environment limit the availability of credit for start-up businesses.

BiH U BROJKAMA

Na osnovu prosječnog rezultata, svaka od 178 zemalja ocijenjena u Indexu 2015 je svrstana kao “slobodna” (to jest, kombinovani rezultati od 80 ili više); “uglavnom slobodna” (70-79,9); “umjereno slobodna” (60-69,9); “uglavnom neslobodna” (50-59,9) ili “represivna” (ispod 50).

BiH IN NUMBERS

Based on an average score, each of 178 countries graded in the 2015 Index is classified as “free” (i.e., combined scores of 80 or higher); “mostly free” (70-79.9); “moderately free” (60-69.9); “mostly unfree” (50-59.9); or “repressed” (under 50).

ZAPADNI BALKAN

Index ocjenjuje zemlje u četiri opsežna područja politike koji utiču na ekonomsku slobodu: vladavina prava, ograničena vlada, regulatorna efikasnost i otvoreno tržište. Deset je specifičnih kategorija: pravo na imovinu, sloboda od korupcije, fiskalna sloboda, troškovi vlade, poslovna sloboda, sloboda rada, monetarna sloboda, slobodna trgovina, sloboda ulaganja i finansijska sloboda. Izračunati su prosjeci u tim kategorijama da se dobije sveukupan rezultat.

WESTERN BALKANS

The Index evaluates countries in four broad policy areas that affect economic freedom: rule of law; limited government; regulatory efficiency; and open markets. There are 10 specific categories: property rights, freedom from corruption, fiscal freedom, government spending, business freedom, labor freedom, monetary freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom, and financial freedom. Scores in these categories are averaged to create an overall score.

REGIONALNI POREDAK

* Index ne sadrži podatke za Kosovo

REGIONAL RANKING

* Index does not list data for Kosovo

POREĐENJE ZEMALJA

COUNTRY COMPARISON

INDEKS PODACI

* Index ne sadrži podatke za Kosovo

INDEX DATA

* Index does not list data for Kosovo

DETALJNA ANALIZA

Kliknite na zastavu zemlje za PDF document na Engleskom jeziku.

DETAILED ANALYSIS

Click on a country flag for a PDF document in English.

O INDEKSU

Preko dvadeset godina Index nudi promišljenu analizu u preglednom, lako čitljivom i izravnom formatu. S novim izvorima za korisnike i web sajtom prilagođenim za istraživanje i edukaciju, Index of Economic Freedom je postavljen tako da pomogne čitaocima da pregledaju dvije decenije napretka u ekonomskoj slobodi, prosperitetu i mogućnostima i unaprijedi te ideje u njihovim domovima, školama i zajednicama.

Index pokriva 10 sloboda – od vlasničkih prava do poduzetništva
– u 186 zemalja.

Za 2015. većina podataka pokriva drugu polovinu 2013. do prve polovine 2014. Koliko je moguće, informacija uzeta za svaki faktor je aktuelna sa 30. junom 2014. Važno je shvatiti da se neki faktori zasnivaju na istorijskoj informaciji. Na primjer, faktor monetarne politike je trogodišnja prosječna stopa inflacije od 1. januara 2011, do 31. decembra 2013.

The Heritage Foundation u partnerstvu sa The Wall Street Journal prati tok ekonomske slobode širom svijeta sa uticajnim Indexom of Economic Freedom (Index ekonomske slobode).

http://www.heritage.org/index/

ABOUT THE INDEX

For over twenty years the Index has delivered thoughtful analysis in a clear, friendly, and straight-forward format. With new resources for users and a website tailored for research and education, the Index of Economic Freedom is poised to help readers track over two decades of the advancement in economic freedom, prosperity, and opportunity and promote these ideas in their homes, schools, and communities.

The Index covers 10 freedoms – from property rights to entrepreneurship – in 186 countries.

For the 2015 , most data covers the second half of 2013 through the first half of 2014. To the extent possible, the information considered for each factor was current as of June 30, 2014. It is important to understand that some factors are based on historical information. For example, the monetary policy factor is a 3-year weighted average rate of inflation from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013.

The Heritage Foundation, in partnership with The Wall Street Journal has tracked the march of economic freedom around the world with the influential Index of Economic Freedom.

http://www.heritage.org/index/